Children gassed...someone must be held accountable!

[Exile]

Children hospitalised after chlorine leak at pool
published: Friday | October 5, 2007

Three children were admitted at the Bustamante Hospital for Children in St. Andrew, and several others were treated and sent home, last night, after chlorine escaped at the National Stadium pool where they had gone swimming.
Major Desmon Brown, general manager of Independence Park, operators of the National Stadium complex, told The Gleaner that the pool was being chlorinated by a gas injection process when one of the lines broke and chlorine gas escaped.
He noted that by the time it was realised, it was too late to fix the problem, so the close to 30 children had to be evacuated. Major Brown, who was at the hospital last night, was unable to say how seriously affected the children were. However, he noted that the ones who were mostly affected were asthmatic.

[Exile]

Of course if the kids died you would hear all kind a noise on this forum. Why do we have to wait until someone is KILLED in Jamaica before we act??? Then we blame the Gov. What are the SOPs for willing or using Chlorine in an area that laways have children??? WHO IS RESPONSIBLE????

[Mosiah]

The son of a lady at my workplace was admitted overnight. He is alright now.

Exile, we are talking about a swimming pool. Aren't all pools chlorinated?

[Exile]

UV is safer...was used in Olympic pools in Australia...has been used in water TX worldwide.
Arrrrgh - Chlorine!!!

Well, I'm in a mood this morning. Okay, I know we purveyors of non-chlorine and non-salt (chlorine) pools are in the minority and the toxic chlorine pool peddlers are still in the majority. The tide is turning, but not fast enough for me. I also understand that since I represent a company that manufactures chlorine-free and salt-free pool and spa systems, that salt pool and chlorine pool salespeople might be prone to attacking the validity of this technology. So they can sell people more toxic chemicals. So - I took a look in their bag of secrets (that are not so secret now that the internet is in existence).
I pulled these links up in an instant with a Google search for "chlorine pool asthma". Read these recent news links and articles - that are ALL about Chlorine pools. Perhaps you will think twice about having any chlorine in your pool, or anywhere in the water for your home. (We can help you with that.)
Washington Post article "Being in the Pool Is Just Plain Irritating"
The Ledger online from Florida "Asthma Risk Higher For Infants Who Swim Indoors"
The Independent online from Ohio "Swimmer's Cough"
The Herald from South Carolina "Fumes affect 20 children at kiddie pool in Myrtle Beach"
Daiji World from the West Coast of India "Love to Swim? Beware of the Water!"
Last but best - this site is so comprehensive and informative about the dangers of chlorine pools: "Chorine Toxicity - A Matter That Should be of Concern to All Swimmers, Coaches and Parents"
Now, I gotta tell you - that was SO easy to research. And this information is just the tip of the iceberg. Try doing a search with "chlorine cancer" - that's scary. Or try "chlorine miscarriages" - that's very sad. Again, try "chlorine heart disease" - very scary. Chlorine by-products are absorbed through your skin, so don't think that since you are not drinking it - you're safe. Please don't continue to jump into that pool filled with toxins, or drink unfiltered water. Technology already exists that can help you eliminate chlorine by-products from your pool or spa, and from your drinking water, too. ECOsmarte.

[Exile]

MORE...

CHLORINE TOXICITY: A MATTER THAT SHOULD BE OF CONCERN TO ALL SWIMMERS, COACHES, AND PARENTS

QUICK LINKS TO IMPORTANT FEATURES OF CHLORINE AND SWIMMING<A href="http://coachsci.sdsu.edu/swimming/chlorine/asthma.htm">Swimmer's Asthma
[Research Paper]ResearchTestimonies and AnecdotesSanitization AlternativesAsthma Drug Guidelines

RESEARCH

In the course of preparing materials for the Swimming Science Journal, I came across the following articles concerning chlorinated pools. Abstracts of contents and appropriate comments are included below. Please read the discussion points and articles that follow the abstracts.

WHAT IS KNOWN

1. Exercising competitive swimmers absorb toxic levels of chlorine products in the course of a training session.
2. Training two or more times a day will not allow the toxins to be completely cleared from the body in most swimmers.
3. Children inhale more air per unit of body weight than mature persons, and have lesser developed immune and defense systems.
4. Young children absorb relatively greater amounts of toxins than older swimmers and therefore, are at greater risk.
5. In hyper-chlorinated pools, even dental enamel can be eroded because of the increased acidity in swimmers in training.
6. Exercise intensity and number of sessions increase the toxic concentrations in competitive swimmers.
7. Greater toxin absorption occurs through the skin than through breathing. However, the breathing action alone is sufficient to cause hypersensitivity and "asthma-like" respiratory conditions in at least some swimmers. The percentage of asthma-like symptoms in swimmers that is attributable to exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons versus being unrelated to chlorine exposure is presently unknown. This is an area clearly deserving of further research.
8. Overchlorination is particularly hazardous to the health of swimmers.

CHILDREN DEVELOP ASTHMA IN CHLORINATED POOLS

Bernard, A., Carbonnelle, S., Michel, O., Higuet, S., de Burbure, C., Buchet, J-P., Hermans, C., Dumont, X., & Doyle, I. (2003). Lung hyperpermeability and asthma prevalence in schoolchildren: unexpected associations with the attendance at indoor chlorinated swimming pools. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, 385-394.
This study assessed whether exposure to nitrogen trichloride in indoor chlorinated pools may affect the respiratory epithelium of children and increase the risk of some lung diseases such as asthma.
Healthy children (N = 226), were measured for serum surfactant associated proteins A and B (SP-A and SP-B), 16 kDa Clara cell protein (CC16), and IgE. Lung specific proteins were measured in the serum of 16 children and 13 adults before and after exposure to NCl3 in an indoor chlorinated pool. The relation between pool attendance and asthma prevalence were studied in 1881 children. Asthma was screened with the exercise induced bronchoconstriction test (EIB).
Pool attendance was the most consistent predictor of lung epithelium permeability. A positive dose-effect relation was found with cumulated pool attendance and serum SP-A and SP-B. Serum IgE was unrelated to pool attendance, but correlated positively with lung hyperpermeability as assessed by serum SP-B. Changes in serum levels of lung proteins were reproduced in children and adults attending an indoor pool. Serum SP-A and SP-B were significantly increased after one hour on the poolside without swimming. Positive EIB and total asthma prevalence were significantly correlated with accumulated pool attendance indices.
Implications. Regular attendance at chlorinated pools by young children is associated with an exposure-dependent increase in lung epithelium permeability and increase in the risk of developing asthma, especially in association with other risk factors. It is postulated that increased exposure of children to chlorination products in indoor pools might be an important cause of the rising incidence of childhood asthma and allergic diseases in industrialized countries. Further epidemiological studies should be undertaken to test this hypothesis.

SWIMMING IN INDOOR POOLS ACCELERATES THE CONCENTRATION OF CHLORINATION CONTAMINANTS IN SWIMMERS

Aggazzotti, G., Fantuzzi, G., Righi, E., & Predieri, G. (1998). Blood and breath analyses as biological indicators of exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools. Science of the Total Environment, 217, 155-163.
In this article, exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in indoor swimming pools as a consequence of water chlorination was reported.
Environmental and biological monitoring of THMs assessed the uptake of these substances after a defined period in competitive swimmers (N = 5), regularly attending an indoor swimming pool to train for competition during four sampling sessions. Analyses were performed by gas-chromatography and the following THMs were detected: chloroform (CHC13), bromodichloromethane (CHBrC12), dibromochloromethane (CHBrsC1) and bromoform (CHBr3). CHC13 appeared the most represented compound both in water and in environmental air before and after swimming. CHBrC1w and CHBr2C1 were always present, even though at lower levels than CHC13, CHBr3, was rarely present. In relation to biological monitoring, CHC13, CHBrC12 and CHBr2C1 were detected in all alveolar air samples collected inside the swimming pool. Before swimming, after one hour at rest at the pool edge, the mean values were 29.4 +/- 13.3, 2.7 +/- 1.2 and 0.8 +/- 0.8 micrograms/m3, respectively, while after spending one hour of swimming, higher levels were detected (75.6 +/- 18.6, 6.5 +/- 1.3 and 1.4 +/- 0.9 micrograms/m3, respectively). Only CHC13 was detected in all plasma samples (mean: 1.4 +/- 0.5 micrograms/1) while CHBrC1x and CHBr2C1 were observed only in few samples at a detection limit of 0.1 micrograms/1. After one at rest, at an average environmental exposure of approx. 100 micrograms/m3, the THM uptake was approx. 30 micrograms/h (26 micrograms/h for CHC1c, 3 micrograms/h for CHBrC12 and 1.5 micrograms/h for CHBr2C1). After one hour of swimming, the THM uptake was approximately seven times higher than at rest: a THM mean uptake of 221 micrograms/h (177 micrograms/h, 26 micrograms/h and 18 micrograms/h for CHC13, CHBrC12 and CHBr2C1, respectively) was evaluated at an environmental concentration of approx. 200 micrograms/m3.
Implication. Training for swimming in a poorly ventilated indoor swimming pool has the potentialto cause illness through breathing undesirable concentrations of mainly chloroform.

CHLORINE PRODUCT ABSORPTION IN SWIMMERS IS GREATEST VIA THE SKIN

Lindstrom, A.B., Pleil, J.D., & Berkoff, D.C. (1997). Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during competitive swimming training. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105(6), 636-642
Alveolar breath sampling was used to assess trihalomethane (THM) exposures encountered by collegiate swimmers during a typical 2-hr training period in an indoor natatorium.
Breath samples were collected at regular intervals before, during, and for three hours after a moderately intense training session. Integrated and grab whole-air samples were collected during the training period to help determine inhalation exposures, and pool water samples were collected to help assess dermal exposures.
Resulting breath samples collected during the workout demonstrated a rapid uptake of two THMs (chloroform and bromodichloromethane), with chloroform concentrations exceeding the natatorium air levels within eight minutes after the exposure began. Chloroform levels continued to rise steeply until they were more than two times the indoor levels, providing evidence that the dermal route of exposure was relatively rapid and ultimately more important than the inhalation route in this training scenario. Chloroform elimination after the exposure period was fitted to a three compartment model that allowed estimation of compartmental half-lives, resulting minimum blood borne dose, and an approximation of the duration of elevated body burdens. It was estimated that dermal exposure route accounted for 80% of the blood chloroform concentration and the transdermal diffusion efficiency from the water to the blood was in excess of 2%. Bromodichloromethane elimination was fitted to a two compartment model that provided evidence of a small, but measurable, body burden of this THM resulting from vigorous swim training.
These results suggest that trihalomethane exposures for competitive swimmers under prolonged, high-effort training are common and possibly higher than was previously thought and that the dermal exposure route is dominant. The exposures and potential risks associated with this common recreational activity should be more thoroughly investigated.
Implication. In this study the greater importance of transdermal (via the skin) uptake of chlorinated hydrocarbons compared to the respiratory route is demonstrated. This indicates that improved ventilation alone will not have a major impact on exposure to these materials because it is being immersed in the liquid that is the greatest threat. In contrast, ozonation allows markedly reduced levels of chlorine in the pool water.

EXERCISING INCREASES THE TOXICITY OF A "SAFE" CHLORINATED POOL ATMOSPHERE

Drobnic, F., Freixa, A., Casan, P., Sanchis, J., & Guardino, X. (1996). Assessment of chlorine exposure in swimmers during training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(2), 271-274.
The presence of a high prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma-like symptoms in swimmers has been recently reported. Chlorine, a strong oxidizing agent, is an important toxic gas that a swimmer can breath during training in chlorinated pools.
Measurements of the chlorine concentration in the breathing zone above the water (< 10 cm) were obtained randomly during five nonconsecutive days in four different swimming pool enclosures. The mean level in all the swimming pools was 0.42 +/- 0.24 mg/m3, far below the threshold limited value (TLV) of 1.45 mg/m3 for the work places for a day of work (8 h). The TLV could be reached and even exceeded if we consider the total amount of chlorine that a swimmer inhales in a daily training session of two hours (4-6 g) compared with a worker during eight hours at the TLV (4-7 g). Low correlation was observed with the number of swimmers in the swimming pool during the measurements (0.446) and other variables as the water surface area of the pool, volume of the enclosure, and the chlorine-addition system in the swimming pool. A low turnover rate in the air with an increase of chlorine levels through the day was observed in all pools.
The concentration of chlorine in the microenvironment where the swimmer is breathing is below the TLV concentration limit, but nevertheless results in a high total volume of chlorine inhaled by the swimmers in a given practice session.
The possible role of chlorine in producing respiratory symptoms in swimmers needs further investigation.
Implication. Even though chlorine concentrations in a pool environment are at acceptable "safe" levels, it is a swimmer's exercising that produces abnormal levels of exposure to this toxin.
There has not been sufficient research to even begin understanding the health effects of this repetitive exposure.

AMOUNT OF EXERCISE IS RELATED TO CHLORINE-RELATED CONCENTRATIONS IN THE BODY

Cammann, K., & Hubner, K. (1995). Trihalomethane concentrations in swimmers' and bath attendants' blood and urine after swimming or working in indoor swimming pools. Archives of Environmental Health, 50(1), 61-65
The influence of working or swimming in indoor swimming pools on the concentrations of four trihalomethanes (haloforms) in blood and urine was investigated. Different groups (bath attendants, agonistic swimmers, normal swimmers, sampling person) were compared.
The proportions of trihalomethanes in blood and urine correlated roughly with those in water and ambient air. Higher levels of physical activity were correlated with higher concentrations. Within one night after exposure in the pool the blood concentrations usually were reduced to the pre-exposure values. Secretion of trichloromethane in urine was found to be less than 10%.
Implication. Exercising in a chlorinated pool increases the levels of assimilation of chlorine related gases. The greater the amount of exercise, the greater the concentrations. Thus, hard training swimmers are at greater risk than more sedentary pool attendants and coaches.
It takes at least one night for absorbed substances to be removed. If insufficient time exists between training sessions the possibility of toxic build-up is real.

YOUNG SWIMMERS AT GREATEST HEALTH RISK IN CHLORINATED INDOOR POOLS

Aiking, H., van Acker, M.B., Scholten, R.J., Feenstra, J.F., & Valkenburg, H.A. (1994). Swimming pool chlorination: a health hazard? Toxicology Letters, 72(1-3), 375-380.
A pilot study addressed potential effects of long-term exposure to chlorination products in swimming pools.
The indicator compound chloroform was detectable in blood from competitive swimmers in an indoor pool (mean = 0.89 +/- 0.34 microgram/l; N = 10), but not in outdoor pool swimmers. No hepatotoxic effect was indicated by serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) or gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) enzyme levels. beta-2-microglobulin, an indicator of renal damage, was significantly elevated in urine samples of the slightly, but significantly, younger indoor swimmers.
The precise ratio between these two possible causes, age and chloroform exposure, as well as the mechanism of the former, remain to be elucidated.
Implication. The toxic effects of chlorine products in swimmers training in indoor pools are greater in younger than older swimmers. Young swimmers are therefore at a greater health risk.

CHLORINATOR TABLETS POSE HEALTH RISKS

Wood, B.R., Colombo, J.L., Benson, B.E. (1987). Chlorine inhalation toxicity from vapors generated by swimming pool chlorinator tablets. Pediatrics, 79(3), 427-430.
The authors presented two cases of serious respiratory injury after brief exposure to vapors from solid chlorine compounds. No previous reports of such accidents were located and, therefore, this paper related these cases to alert the medical community. It was recommend that physicians caring for children include warnings about these preparations in their routine counseling of parents.
Implication. Chlorinator tablets are of such a concentration that acute exposure to them is hazardous.

DENTAL ENAMEL EROSION INCREASED IN COMPETITIVE SWIMMERS IN CHLORINATED POOLS

Centerwall, B.S., Armstrong, C.W., Funkhouser, L.S., & Elzay, R.P. (1986). Erosion of dental enamel among competitive swimmers at a gas-chlorinated swimming pool. American Journal of Epidemiology, 123(4), 641-647.
In September 1982, two Charlottesville, Virginia, residents were found by their dentists to have general erosion of dental enamel consistent with exposure to acid. Both patients were competitive swimmers at the same private club pool. No other common exposure could be determined. An epidemiologic survey was made of 747 club members.
Symptoms compatible with dental enamel erosion were reported by 3% of non-swimmers (9/295), 12% of swimmers who were not members of the swim team (46/393), and 39% of swim team members (23/59). All four swimmers with clinically verified dental enamel erosion had trained regularly in a particular pool. That pool was compared to one that had eight equivalent swimmers without enamel erosion. Examination of the implicated swimming pool revealed a gas-chlorinated pool with corrosion of metal fixtures and etching of cement exposed to the pool water. A pool water sample had a pH of 2.7, i.e., an acid concentration approximately 100,000 times that recommended for swimming pools (pH 7.2-8.0). A review of pool management practices revealed inadequate monitoring of pool water pH.
Acid erosion of dental enamel -- "swimmer's erosion" -- is a painful, costly, irreversible condition which can be caused by inadequately maintained gas-chlorinated swimming pools.
Implication. Overchlorinated pools that produce excessively elevated levels of acidity can contribute to dental enamel erosion in competitive swimmers. Individuals who frequent pools less are less likely to be threatened.
BRONCHOSPASM IN COMPETITIVE SWIMMERS

Reuters Health,

March 21, 2001.

A study presented [03/20/2001] in New Orleans at the 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, strongly suggested that swimming pool environments adversely affect the lung function of competitive swimmers. Dr. Stephen J. McGeady, and colleagues, from Thomas Jefferson University in Wilmington, Delaware, measured the lung function (FEV1) of competitive swimmers (N = 28) before and after cycle ergometer testing in swimming pool and laboratory settings. The study was motivated by observations of university team swimmers displaying significant airway obstruction and the number of reports that many swimmers use beta-agonist inhalers.
Ss' mean FEV1 was significantly lower in the pool than in the laboratory. Some swimmers (14%), not previously asthmatic, displayed airway obstruction at baseline. Exercise-induced bronchospasm occurred in a further 11% of swimmers not known to have that problem or asthma. Swimmers known to have asthma seemed to do better than swimmers who were not diagnosed with asthma. Exercise-induced bronchospasm negatively affected performance.
Implications. Swimming is worse on bronchospasm than other endurance sports, a paradox since swimming is supposed to promote health. The facility/exercise setting is implicated as the cause of these respiratory afflictions. Because of swimming pool environments, competitive swimming could be bad for one's health!
[Thanks to Johnny Morton, former collegiate swimmer, current parent, official, coach and interested observer, for bringing this to my attention -- BSR]

COMPETITIVE SWIMMERS IN HIGH-CHLORINE POOLS HAVE INCREASED RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS

Williams, A., Schwellnus, M. P., & Noakes, T. (2004). Increased concentration of chlorine in swimming pool water causes exercise-induced bronchochonstriction (EIB). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5) Supplement abstract 2046.
This study assessed whether chlorine exposure during swimming at the same exercise intensity in swimming pools with different chlorine levels provokes Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB) in well-trained swimmers with and without a past history of EIB. Trained swimmers (N = 21) with a history of EIB and trained swimmers (N = 20) with no history of EIB served as subjects. Ss were randomly exposed to four different exercise tests of the same intensity (minimum of 6-8 min at 60-80% of the target heart rate) and duration:

• swimming in an indoor pool with no chlorine in the water (NCL = 29),
• swimming in a chlorinated swimming pool with low levels of chlorine (0.5 ppm) (CL0.5 = 17),
• swimming in a chlorinated swimming pool with high levels of chlorine (1.0 ppm) (CL1.0 = 30), and
• running or cycling exercise challenge next to any one of the swimming pools (EX = 37).

The percent of Ss with a positive test for EIB was significantly higher in the high chlorine condition (No-history = 60, History = 67), compared with the low chlorine (No-history = 10, History = 0), no-chlorine (No-history = 18, History = 17), and exercise (No-history = 3, History = 12) conditions. There was no difference in the frequency of EIB between the No-history and History groups.
Implication. Competitive swimmers exposed to chlorine concentrations in pool water (> 1ppm) have a higher risk of developing EIB irrespective of past history with EIB.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

1. Beech, J.A., Diaz, R., Ordaz, C., & Palomeque, B. (1980). Nitrates, chlorates and trihalomethanes in swimming pool water. American Journal of Public Health, 70(1), 79-82.
   Water from swimming pools in the Miami area was analyzed for nitrates, chlorates and trihalomethanes. The average concentrations of nitrate and chlorate found in freshwater pools were 8.6 mg/liter and 16 mg/liter respectively, with the highest concentrations being 54.9 mg/liter and 124 mg/liter, respectively. The average concentration of total trihalomethanes found in freshwater pools was 125 micrograms/liter (mainly chloroform) and in saline pools was 657 micrograms/liter (mainly bromoform); the highest concentration was 430 micrograms/liter (freshwater) and 1287 micrograms/liter (saltwater). The possible public health significance of these results is briefly discussed.
   
2. Mustchin, C.P., & Pickering, C.A. (1979). "Coughing water": bronchial hyper-reactivity induced by swimming in a chlorinated pool. Thorax, 34(5), 682-683.
   
3. Decker, W.J., & Koch, H.F. (1978). Chlorine poisoning at the swimming pool: an overlooked hazard. Clinical Toxicology, 13(3), 377-381.

Discussion Points
Governmental regulation agencies have standards for PASSIVE air in enclosed swimming pools. At least that was the case the Carlile Organization experienced at Narrabeen several years ago when many of its top swimmers were ill. The supervising staff did all the environmental testing and the air was deemed to be safe and within published guidelines. Even after the declaration that the air was "good" swimmers remained ill particularly with upper respiratory problems.
However, according to the above research an exercising athlete increases the toxicity of the chlorinated pool atmosphere by 700%! That should be a high-level health risk! Safety accrediting agencies need to upgrade their standards to be reflected in active alveolar air, not passive environmental air.
People in swimming over the past decade have become alarmed at the high proportion of training swimmers who are diagnosed/treated asthmatics. However, "swimming asthma" might well be hypersensitivity to chloroform and the other gases as explained in the abstract and not truly asthma.
Is it possible that our sport might be generating life-long health problems purely because of the environment in which swimmers are continually exercised? If that is so there is a MAJOR PROBLEM WITH OUR SPORT.
I would appreciate hearing of any learned writings or investigations on this matter.
<A href="mailto:brushall@mail.sdsu.edu">Brent S. Rushall

[Mosiah]

News to me, Exile. Thanks!

Sorry, I didn't read the entire article, but how does the cost of a UV pool compare to a chlorine one?

[Exile]

here is a summary:
Chlorine is used in paper and pulp, bleaching, chemical industries, in the production of plastics, household bleaches, refrigerants, metal extraction, beneficiating of ores, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, disinfection for water and wastewater treatment, and swimming pools.(1)
Concentration Cl2
Reported Response in Humans
0.2-3.5 ppm
Odor detection (some tolerance develops)
1-3 ppm
Mild mucous membrane irritationthat can be tolerated up to1 hour
3 ppm Extremely irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract
5 ppmSevere irritation of eyes, nose, and respiratory tract; intolerable after a few minutes
14-21 ppm Immediate irritation of the throat, Dangerous if exposed 30-60 minutes
15 ppm
Irritation of the throat
30 ppm
Moderate irritation of the upper respiratory tract; immediate chest pain, vomiting, dyspnea, cough


and:

Risk Management Program Rule (RMPR)
A 1990 amendment to the Clean Air Act aimed to prevent accidental releases of hazardous chemical releases by risk management planning and promoting advancements. The RMPR requires any facility that stores, handles, or produces specified quantities of hazardous chemicals to file a Risk Management Plan (RMP) by June 21, 1999. The key component of the RMPR was accident prevention. Emergency Responders and Local Emergency Planning Committees are encouraged to review their specific locale to determine what facilities in their area might have users of large quantities of Chlorine. As a PEAC® user, you can use your program to evaluate possible scenarios for response as well as working with the local representatives that should have an updated RMP in place. By working with stakeholders in any given geographical area, responders can perform table top exercises as well as full scale drills to work on pro active plans for response in case of accidental release. Communication plans are critical and each user of Chlorine should develop and practice proactive use of communication systems (e.g. public information officer) in the event of an emergency. Other key aspects of the plan include keeping an updated community contact list, and working with other stakeholders such as the LEPC.

[Exile]

Chlorine is cheaper I guess and most traditional pools have but usually use the solid hypochlorite granules. Chlorine gas generators are unsafe for areas where kids are swimming. Big lobby now to get rid of them....of course in Ja they probably going cheap, cheap..

[Exile]

Also ozone...maybe that was used in Australia. As you know from your 5th form chemistry ozone is the ionized form of oxygen (three 0s). Get a lot frombeing by the sea...supposed to relax you...

[Shatta]

chlorine is on the way out and in fact I am looking for chlorine filters and showerheads to dropship from my website.
I
I would much rather a company that can make the products while I affix my brand to it.

right now based on the reseach I was doing over the last couple of month. the most dangerous time for chlorine poisoning is while taking a hot shower as the heat and the vapors are more dangerous than just swimming in the water itself.

all these chemical things are on the way out and the world is moving to a more organic(Rasta) lifestyle. In fact they are using Rasta to sell their products while we sit around enamored with the ways they are putting down(we a pick it up, like some house slaves)

check out

www.livitymovements.org and go pon dem page fi products

[Mosiah]

Seen!