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**Sir X** · November 29, 2013, 03:42 PM

The word coon comes from John Kunno, it was celebrated in the Carolinas in early american history ...I asked the lady ,where did you learn to speak Jamaican...she said its not Jamaican its Geechie.....nuff said,she was an older lady,very sweet.

**Stonigut** · November 29, 2013, 04:43 PM

What they don't really tell us in Jamaican history books at all are two pretty significant points.

One is that there was much inter trade and commerce between Carolina's, especially from the ports of the low country from Charlotte down to Jax (n.fla) which included a lot of trade in slaves and goods especially prior to The American revolution in the 1780's. Which when you think of it was the majority of the Jamaican slavery period, especially on the English side 1655-1783 is 128 years versus 1783 -1834 which is only 51 years so the cultural impact between Jamaica and the Carolina's was pretty significant. Add to that, the trade route was much easier between jamaica and the eastern seaboard than jamaica and the Caribbean English colonies, so there was very little back and forth between jamaica and eastern Caribbean but a lot of action between Ja and eastern seaboard due to the trade winds.

On top of that during the revolutionary war, many of the royalist sympathizer Carolina planters lifted up everything but land and came to Jamaica. I am not talking about a few hundred we are talking multiple thousands, in the ten to twenty thousand range so the impact of Carolina's culture and low country Geechie culture on Jamaica is pretty significant.

The last time I was in Carolina's I bought a book on Geechie language and guess which Jamaican word was in it. 'Unnu' used in the same way. That was probably a direct import to Jamaica from the Carolina's slaves.

It goes a lot deeper than that, but that is a quick overview.

**Sir X** · November 29, 2013, 04:59 PM

Thanks,good history.They have a lot of words that are distinctly Jamaican or should I say Geechie.

**Gamma** · November 29, 2013, 06:11 PM

den look how often mi come here and talk about Gullah? yuh naw pay attention ...

the gullahs were the first to have a patois bible .... the gospel according to luke i think it was that was first published in gullah..

**Gamma** · November 29, 2013, 06:13 PM

if you recall harry belafonte played a gangster called "geechie dan" in the movie "let's do it again" starring bill cosby and sidbney potier (or was it "up town saturday night"?) one a dem...

**Gamma** · November 29, 2013, 06:14 PM

uncle remus' stories of brer rabbit, mirrors those of brer anancy ...

**Hortical** · November 29, 2013, 06:42 PM

Also, Jamaican slaves were frequently sent to the US to be "broken in" like a horse. Once a person is captured, they are beaten & tortured until their spirit and resistance is broken.

**Sir X** · November 29, 2013, 07:03 PM

Not too sure about the Jamaican link , i really cant trace it .One article mentions slaves running south to Florida post american independence and joing the Siminole Indians or living beside them and launching guerrila attacks against the americans with help from the spanish, the other is a different ball game.

Gullah
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The Gullah are the descendants of enslaved Africans who live in the Lowcountry region of the US states of South Carolina and Georgia, which includes both the coastal plain and the Sea Islands.
Historically, the Gullah region extended from the Cape Fear area on the coast of North Carolina south to the vicinity of Jacksonville on the coast of Florida; but today the Gullah area is confined to the South Carolina and Georgia Lowcountry. The Gullah people and their language are also called Geechee, which some scholars speculate is related to the Ogeechee River near Savannah, Georgia. The term "Geechee" is an emic term used by speakers (and can have a derogatory connotation depending on usage). "Gullah" is a term that was originally used to designate the language spoken by Gullah and Geechee people, but over time it has become a way for speakers to formally identify both their language and themselves as a distinctive group of people. The Georgia communities further identify themselves as either "Saltwater Geechee" or "Freshwater Geechee" depending on their proximity to the coast.

The Gullah have preserved much of their African linguistic and cultural heritage. They speak an English-based creole language containing many African loanwords and significant influences from African languages in grammar and sentence structure. Properly referred to as "Sea Island Creole," the Gullah language is related to Jamaican Patois, Barbadian Dialect, Bahamian Dialect, Belizean Creole and the Krio language of Sierra Leone in West Africa. Gullah storytelling, cuisine, music, folk beliefs, crafts, farming and fishing traditions all exhibit strong influences from West and Central African cultures.

Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 African roots
1.2 Origin of Gullah culture
1.3 Customs and traditions
1.4 Civil War period
1.5 Recent history
1.6 Celebrating Gullah culture
1.7 Cultural survival
2 Cultural topics
3 Historical topics
4 Historical figures
5 Leaders, artists, and cultural activists
6 Notable African Americans with Gullah roots
7 Further reading
8 Other media
9 References
History[edit]

The name "Gullah" may derive from Angola,[1] where some Gullah people may have originated. Some scholars have also suggested it comes from Gola, an ethnic group living in the border area between Sierra Leone and Liberia in West Africa, another region where many of the Gullah ancestors originated[citation needed]. The name "Geechee", another common (emic) name for the Gullah people, may come from Kissi, an ethnic group living in the border area between Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia.[2]
Some scholars have also suggested Native American origins for these words. The Spanish called the South Carolina and Georgia coastal region Guale after a Native American tribe. The Ogeechee River, a prominent geographical feature in coastal Georgia, takes its name from a Creek Indian word.

African roots[edit]
It has been claimed that most of the Gullahs' early ancestors of what is now the United States were brought to the South Carolina and Georgia Lowcountry through the ports of Charleston and Savannah as slaves, making their way from Sierra Leone by way of Brazil. Because Charleston was one of the most important ports in North America for the transatlantic slave trade, there may be some truth in that because up to half of the enslaved Africans brought into what is now the United States came through that port. A great majority of the remaining flowed through Savannah which was also active in the slave trade.

The largest group of enslaved Africans brought into the port cities of Charleston and Savannah came from the West African rice-growing region, centered primarily in present-day Sierra Leone, through Bunce Island, the most significant castle for slaves transported to the modern day United States. But since Sierra Leone was founded by the British as a haven for slaves rescued from the Middle Passage or freed slaves returned from the United States and Caribbean (as Liberia was founded, by an act of U.S Congress), no slaves were ever taken from Liberia and Sierra Leone, previously called the "Grain Coast". This makes it all the more likely that the name "Gullah" came from the Gola tribe whose language and culture pre-date the modern names of the countries they still inhabit, namely Liberia and Sierra Leone. [3] The people had cultivated African rice in this section of West Africa for possibly up to 3,000 years. South Carolina and Georgia rice planters once called this region the "Rice Coast", indicating its importance as a source of skilled African labor for the North American rice industry. Once planters discovered that rice would grow in the southern U.S. regions, they believed that enslaved Africans from rice-growing regions would be useful, given their knowledge of rice-growing techniques.[3] In 1750, Henry Laurens and Richard Oswald, British-American colonists, opened a major slave castle just up the Sierra Leone River on what was then called Bance Island (now Bunce Island). The ancestors for up to 80 percent of African Americans in the United States whose heritage comes from the slave trade are believed to have been transported from here.

Origin of Gullah culture[edit]

The Gullah region once extended from SE North Carolina to NE Florida.
The Gullah people have been able to preserve much of their African cultural heritage because of geography, climate, and patterns of importation of enslaved Africans. Taken from the Western region of Africa in primarily the Krio and Mende populations of what is today Sierra Leone as slaves and transported to some areas of Brazil (including Bahia) the Gullah-Gheechee slaves were then sold to slave owners in what was then Charlestowne, South Carolina. However, according the British historian P.E.H. Hair, Gullah culture, although formed in large part by Sierra Leonean customs, seems be a mixture to elements of different African cultures. So, the Gullahs' ancestors must have been from many different tribes, or ethnic groups, in Africa. Those from the Rice Coast, the largest group, included the Wolof, Mandinka, Fula, Baga, Susu, Limba, Temne, Mende, Vai, Kissi, Kpelle, etc.—but there were also slaves brought from the Gold Coast, Calabar, Congo Republic, and Angola. [4]

By the middle of the 18th century, the South Carolina and Georgia Lowcountry was covered by thousands of acres of rice fields. African farmers from the "Rice Coast" brought the skills for cultivation and tidal irrigation that made rice one of the most successful industries in early America.
The subtropical climate that made the Lowcountry such an excellent place for rice production also made it vulnerable to the spread of malaria and yellow fever. These tropical diseases, endemic in Africa, were carried by slaves transported to the colonies by slave ships.[5] Mosquitoes in the swamps and inundated rice fields of the Lowcountry picked up and spread the diseases to English and European settlers, as well. Malaria and yellow fever soon became endemic in the region.

Because of having built some immunity in their homeland, Africans were more resistant to tropical fevers than the Europeans. In addition, because planters devoted large areas of land to plantations for rice and indigo, the white population of the Lowcountry and Sea Islands grew at a slower rate than the black population. More and more enslaved Africans were brought as laborers onto the Sea Islands and into the Lowcountry as the rice industry expanded. By about 1708, South Carolina had a black majority.[6] Coastal Georgia later acquired its own black majority after rice cultivation expanded there in the mid-18th century, and malaria and yellow fever became endemic. Fearing disease, many white planters left the Lowcountry during the rainy spring and summer months when fever ran rampant.[3] Others lived mostly in cities such as Charleston.

They left their African "rice drivers," or overseers, in charge of the plantations.[3] Working on large plantations with hundreds of laborers, and with African traditions reinforced by new imports from the same regions, the Gullahs developed a culture in which elements of African languages, cultures, and community life were preserved to a high degree. Their culture was quite different from that of slaves in states like Virginia and North Carolina, where slaves lived in smaller settlements and had more sustained and frequent interactions with whites.

Customs and traditions[edit]
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African influences are found in every aspect of the Gullahs' traditional way of life:

The Gullah word guber for peanut derives from the Kikongo and Kimbundu word N'guba.
Gullah rice dishes called "red rice" and "okra soup" are similar to West African "jollof rice" and "okra soup". Jollof rice is a style of cooking brought by the Wolof people of West Africa.[7][dead link]

A gullah woman makes a sweetgrass basket in Charleston's City Market
The Gullah version of "gumbo" has its roots in African cooking. "Gumbo" is derived from a word in the Umbundu language of Angola, meaning okra, one of the dish's main ingredients.

Gullah rice farmers once made and used mortar and pestles and winnowing fanners similar in style to tools used by West African rice farmers.
Gullah beliefs about "hags" and "haunts" are similar to African beliefs about malevolent ancestors, witches, and "devils" (forest spirits).
Gullah "root doctors" protect their clients against dangerous spiritual forces by using ritual objects similar to those employed by African traditional healers.
Gullah herbal medicines are similar to traditional African remedies.
The Gullah "seekin" ritual is similar to coming of age ceremonies in West African secret societies, such as the Poro and Sande.
The Gullah ring shout is similar to ecstatic religious rituals performed in West and Central Africa.
Gullah stories about "Bruh Rabbit" are similar to West and Central African trickster tales about the clever and conniving rabbit, spider, and tortoise.
Gullah spirituals, shouts, and other musical forms employ the "call and response" method commonly used in African music.
Gullah "sweetgrass baskets" are coil straw baskets made by the descendants of slaves in the South Carolina Lowcountry, and are almost identical to coil baskets made by the Wolof people in Senegal.
Gullah "strip quilts" mimic the design of cloth woven with the traditional strip loom used throughout West Africa. The famous kente cloth from Ghana and Akwete cloth from Nigeria are woven on the strip loom.
The folk song Michael Row the Boat Ashore (or Michael Row Your Boat Ashore) comes from the Gullah culture.

Civil War period[edit]
When the U.S. Civil War began, the Union rushed to blockade Confederate shipping. White planters on the Sea Islands, fearing an invasion by the US naval forces, abandoned their plantations and fled to the mainland. When Union forces arrived on the Sea Islands in 1861, they found the Gullah people eager for their freedom, and eager as well to defend it. Many Gullahs served with distinction in the Union Army's First South Carolina Volunteers. The Sea Islands were the first place in the South where slaves were freed. Long before the War ended, Unitarian missionaries from Pennsylvania came down to start schools for the newly freed slaves. Penn Center, now a Gullah community organization on Saint Helena Island, South Carolina, began as the very first school for freed slaves.

After the Civil War ended, the Gullahs' isolation from the outside world actually increased in some respects. The rice planters on the mainland gradually abandoned their farms and moved away from the area because of labor issues and hurricane damage to crops. Free blacks were unwilling to work in the dangerous and disease-ridden rice fields. A series of hurricanes devastated the crops in the 1890s. Left alone in remote rural areas in the Lowcountry, the Gullahs continued to practice their traditional culture with little influence from the outside world well into the 20th Century.

Recent history[edit]

In recent years the Gullah people—led by Penn Center and other determined community groups—have been fighting to keep control of their traditional lands. Since the 1960s, resort development on the Sea Islands has threatened to push Gullahs off family lands they have owned since emancipation. They have fought back against uncontrolled development on the islands through community action, the courts and the political process.[8]
The Gullahs have struggled to preserve their traditional culture. In 1979, a translation of the New Testament in the Gullah language began.[citation needed] The American Bible Society published De Nyew Testament in 2005. In November 2011, Healin fa de Soul, a five-CD collection of readings from the Gullah Bible was released.[citation needed] This collection includes Scipcha Wa De Bring Healing ("Scripture That Heals") and the Gospel of John (De Good Nyews Bout Jedus Christ Wa John Write). This was also the most extensive collection of Gullah recordings, surpassing those of Lorenzo Dow Turner. The recordings help people develop an interest in the culture because people might not have known how to pronounce some words.[9]
The Gullahs achieved another victory in 2006 when the U.S. Congress passed the "Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Act" that provides $10 million over 10 years for the preservation and interpretation of historic sites relating to Gullah culture.[10] The Heritage Corridor will extend from southern North Carolina to northern Florida. The project will be administered by the US National Park Service with extensive consultation with the Gullah community.

Gullahs have also reached out to West Africa. Gullah groups made three celebrated "homecomings" to Sierra Leone in 1989, 1997, and 2005. Sierra Leone is at the heart of the traditional rice-growing region of West Africa where many of the Gullahs' ancestors originated. Bunce Island, the British slave castle in Sierra Leone, sent many African captives to Charleston and Savannah during the mid- and late 18th century. These dramatic homecomings were the subject of three documentary films—Family Across the Sea (1990), The Language You Cry In (1998), and Priscilla's Homecoming (in production).

Celebrating Gullah culture[edit]
File:Exhibit Showcases Endangered Culture Embraced by African Americans in US South.ogv

VOA report about an exhibit about Gullah culture
Over the years, the Gullahs have attracted many historians, linguists, folklorists, and anthropologists interested in their rich cultural heritage. Many academic books on that subject have been published. The Gullah have also become a symbol of cultural pride for blacks throughout the United States and a subject of general interest in the media. This has given rise to countless newspaper and magazine articles, documentary films, and children's books on Gullah culture, and to a number of popular novels set in the Gullah region.

Gullah people now organize cultural festivals every year in towns up and down the Lowcountry. Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, for instance, hosts a "Gullah Celebration" in February. It includes "De Aarts ob We People" show; the "Ol’ Fashioned Gullah Breakfast"; "National Freedom Day," the "Gullah Film Fest", "A Taste of Gullah" food and entertainment, a "Celebration of Lowcountry Authors and Books," an "Arts, Crafts & Food Expo," and "De Gullah Playhouse". Beaufort, South Carolina hosts the oldest and the largest celebration "The Original Gullah Festival" in May, and nearby Penn Center on St. Helena Island, South Carolina holds "Heritage Days" in November. Other Gullah festivals are celebrated on James Island, South Carolina and Sapelo Island, Georgia.

But Gullah culture is also being celebrated elsewhere throughout the United States. Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana recently held an event to showcase the Gullah culture. Purdue's Black Cultural Center maintains a bibliography of Gullah publications as well. Metro State College in Denver, Colorado recently hosted a conference on Gullah culture, called "The Water Brought Us: Gullah History and Culture", which featured a panel of Gullah scholars and cultural activists. These events in Indiana and Colorado are typical of the attention Gullah culture now receives on a regular basis throughout the United States.

Cultural survival[edit]
Gullah culture has proven to be particularly resilient. Gullah traditions are strong not only in the rural areas of the Lowcountry mainland and on the Sea Islands, but also in urban areas like Charleston and Savannah. But some of the old fashioned ways have persisted even among Gullah people who have left the Lowcountry and moved far away. Many Gullahs migrated to New York starting at the beginning of the 20th century, and these urban migrants have not lost their identity. Gullahs have their own neighborhood churches in Harlem, Brooklyn, and Queens. Typically they send their children back to rural communities in South Carolina and Georgia during the summer months to be reared by grandparents, uncles and aunts. Gullah people living in New York also frequently return to the Lowcountry to retire. Second- and third-generation Gullahs in New York often maintain many of their traditional customs and sometimes still speak the Gullah language.

**Islandman** · November 29, 2013, 09:09 PM

You know a childrens show from the 90s named Gullah Gullah island? I had heard about it but it was only recently that I actually watched a few seasons after my daughter discovered it on Amazon video. It showcases a lot of the Gullah culture and language.

The Gullah bible is fascinating reading. It reads like old time Jamaican country talking.

My sistren who is Geechie says that when she was growing up in S. Carolina they were ridiculed for being of that heritage and speaking the way they do. So many parallels to our language and culture.

**Don1** · November 29, 2013, 09:30 PM

Originally posted by Hortical View Post

Also, Jamaican slaves were frequently sent to the US to be "broken in" like a horse. Once a person is captured, they are beaten & tortured until their spirit and resistance is broken.

I see lots of that process going on even today...just a likkle modified

**Sir X** · November 29, 2013, 09:35 PM

Yep its a dying dialect in the South,dont think west indian migration can save it.Rich history though.

**Stonigut** · November 29, 2013, 09:54 PM

There are a bunch of books out there, more recent books like Slaves in the family give a good inside look on slavery and where they were being sourced. Better sources are books written during that time by salve owners there is a ton of detail as I described, that many of us cannot comprehend how close jamaica and West Indies relationship with colonial America. Many of the founding fathers of charleston came from Barbadoes and West Indies thus the style of architecture and when the Americans won ndeoendence that is where many of the colonists loyal to the monarchy decided to move to Jamaica thus the strong similarity in sound as those slaves had a strong impact on the Jamaican sound.

**Mosiah** · November 30, 2013, 09:19 AM

Isn't it amazing how wi rail up in wi bati-ridah about other cultures that have some similarity to ours, but can't do the same for our very own culture that odda people a mad over?!? Gulla/Geechee is to be visited, written about and studied, but patois...oh deah! whatever is that they are saying!...from their faux Sin Awndruh verandahs!

Aaaah bwoy!

**Sir X** · November 30, 2013, 09:29 AM

Isnt patio already studied and is currently being studied by lynguist from all over the world, patios isnt a dying dialect but an influencing one.Dont confuse studying patios with making it standard teaching practice in our educational system.

BTW we still rail about Patwa cc Mo's post on 5 reason Jamaicas most popular culture..

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The 1st time i met a Geechie , i thought she was Jamaican.

The 1st time i met a Geechie , i thought she was Jamaican.

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